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“厄运之塔”或“波动拳代码”
让我们逐一深入探讨这些策略,并给出示例。
策略模式定义了一系列算法,封装了每一个算法,并使它们可以互相替换。当你有多种方式来执行某个特定任务时,这种模式就很有用。
首先,定义一个PaymentStrategy接口:
public interface PaymentStrategy { void pay(double amount);}
接下来,实现不同的支付策略:
@Componentpublic class CreditCardPayment implements PaymentStrategy { @Override public void pay(double amount) { // 信用卡支付处理逻辑 System.out.println("Paid " + amount + " using Credit Card."); }}@Componentpublic class PaypalPayment implements PaymentStrategy { @Override public void pay(double amount) { // PayPal支付处理逻辑 System.out.println("Paid " + amount + " using PayPal."); }}
创建一个使用该策略的PaymentService:
@Servicepublic class PaymentService { private final Map<String, PaymentStrategy> paymentStrategies = new HashMap<>(); public PaymentService(List<PaymentStrategy> strategies) { for (PaymentStrategy strategy : strategies) { paymentStrategies.put(strategy.getClass().getSimpleName(), strategy); } } public void processPayment(String strategyName, double amount) { PaymentStrategy strategy = paymentStrategies.get(strategyName); if (strategy != null) { strategy.pay(amount); } else { throw new IllegalArgumentException("No such payment strategy: " + strategyName); } }}
枚举可用于表示一组预定义的常量及其相关行为。
定义一个OrderStatus枚举并赋予不同的行为:
public enum OrderStatus { NEW { @Override public void handle() { System.out.println("Processing new order."); } }, SHIPPED { @Override public void handle() { System.out.println("Order shipped."); } }, DELIVERED { @Override public void handle() { System.out.println("Order delivered."); } }; public abstract void handle();}
在服务中使用这个枚举:
@Servicepublic class OrderService { public void processOrder(OrderStatus status) { status.handle(); }}
多态允许对象被视为其父类的实例,而不是其实际类。这使你能够通过父类的引用调用派生类的重写方法。
定义一个Notification接口及其实现:
public interface Notification { void send(String message);}public class EmailNotification implements Notification { @Override public void send(String message) { // 发送电子邮件的逻辑 System.out.println("Sending email: " + message); }}public class SmsNotification implements Notification { @Override public void send(String message) { // 发送短信的逻辑 System.out.println("Sending SMS: " + message); }}
创建一个使用多态的服务:
@Servicepublic class NotificationService { private final List<Notification> notifications; public NotificationService(List<Notification> notifications) { this.notifications = notifications; } public void notifyAll(String message) { for (Notification notification : notifications) { notification.send(message); } }}
Lambda表达式可以简化你的代码,特别是在处理小型、单方法接口时。
定义一个使用Lambda表达式的折扣服务:
import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;import java.util.function.Function;public class DiscountService { private Map<String, Function<Double, Double>> discountStrategies = new HashMap<>(); public DiscountService() { discountStrategies.put("SUMMER_SALE", price -> price * 0.9); discountStrategies.put("WINTER_SALE", price -> price * 0.8); } public double applyDiscount(String discountCode, double price) { return discountStrategies.getOrDefault(discountCode, Function.identity()).apply(price); }}
命令模式将请求封装为一个对象,从而允许你使用队列、请求和操作对客户端进行参数化。
定义命令接口及其具体实现:
public interface Command { void execute();}public class OpenFileCommand implements Command { private FileSystemReceiver fileSystem; public OpenFileCommand(FileSystemReceiver fs) { this.fileSystem = fs; } @Override public void execute() { this.fileSystem.openFile(); }}public class CloseFileCommand implements Command { private FileSystemReceiver fileSystem; public CloseFileCommand(FileSystemReceiver fs) { this.fileSystem = fs; } @Override public void execute() { this.fileSystem.closeFile(); }}
定义FileSystemReceiver和Invoker:
public interface FileSystemReceiver { void openFile(); void closeFile();}public class UnixFileSystemReceiver implements FileSystemReceiver { @Override public void openFile() { System.out.println("Opening file in Unix OS"); } @Override public void closeFile() { System.out.println("Closing file in Unix OS"); }}public class FileInvoker { private Command command; public FileInvoker(Command cmd) { this.command = cmd; } public void execute() { this.command.execute(); }}
Guard子句提供了一种提前处理条件的方式,通过尽早处理无效条件,使你的代码更加易读,并减少嵌套结构。
在这里不嵌套if-else语句来验证用户输入,而是使用Guard子句来提前处理无效情况:
public class UserService { public void registerUser(User user) { if (user == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("User cannot be null"); } if (user.getName() == null || user.getName().isEmpty()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("User name cannot be empty"); } if (user.getEmail() == null || user.getEmail().isEmpty()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("User email cannot be empty"); } // Proceed with registration System.out.println("Registering user: " + user.getName()); }}
这种方法可确保及早处理无效条件,并使主要逻辑保持简洁易懂。
通过应用这些策略,你可以大大减少在Java Spring Boot项目中使用if-else语句。这不仅使你的代码更可读,也提高了其可维护性和可扩展性。采用这些模式和实践来编写更简洁、更高效的代码吧。
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