在并发编程中,当多个 goroutine 需要访问共享资源时,我们需要使用一些机制来协调它们的执行顺序,以避免竞态条件和数据不一致的问题。在 Go 语言中,sync.Cond 条件变量就是一种常用的机制,它可以用来等待和通知其他 goroutine。
互斥锁(sync.Mutex)用于保护临界区和共享资源,而 sync.Cond 则用于协调多个 goroutine 的执行顺序。互斥锁只能一个 goroutine 持有锁,其他 goroutine 必须等待锁被释放才能继续执行。而 sync.Cond 可以让等待的 goroutine 在条件满足时被唤醒,进而继续执行。
sync.Cond 的定义如下:
// Each Cond has an associated Locker L (often a *Mutex or *RWMutex),// which must be held when changing the condition and// when calling the Wait method.//// A Cond must not be copied after first use.type Cond struct { noCopy noCopy // L is held while observing or changing the condition L Locker notify notifyList checker copyChecker}
每个 Cond 实例都会关联一个锁 L(互斥锁 *Mutex,或读写锁 *RWMutex),当修改条件或者调用 Wait 方法时,必须加锁。
func NewCond(l Locker) *Cond
NewCond 方法用于创建一个 Cond 实例,并关联一个锁(互斥锁或读写锁)。
// Broadcast wakes all goroutines waiting on c.//// It is allowed but not required for the caller to hold c.L// during the call.func (c *Cond) Broadcast()
Broadcast 方法用于唤醒所有等待条件变量 c 的 goroutine。它不需要持有锁来调用。
// Signal wakes one goroutine waiting on c, if there is any.//// It is allowed but not required for the caller to hold c.L// during the call.func (c *Cond) Signal()
Signal 方法用于唤醒一个等待条件变量 c 的 goroutine。它不需要持有锁来调用。
// Wait atomically unlocks c.L and suspends execution// of the calling goroutine. After later resuming execution,// Wait locks c.L before returning. Unlike in other systems,// Wait cannot return unless awoken by Broadcast or Signal.//// Because c.L is not locked when Wait first resumes, the caller// typically cannot assume that the condition is true when// Wait returns. Instead, the caller should Wait in a loop://// c.L.Lock()// for !condition() {// c.Wait()// }// ... make use of condition ...// c.L.Unlock()//func (c *Cond) Wait()
Wait 方法会自动释放锁,并挂起当前的 goroutine,直到条件变量 c 被 Broadcast 或 Signal 唤醒。被唤醒后,Wait 方法会重新获得锁,并继续执行后续的代码。
下面是一个使用 sync.Cond 的示例,实现了一个简单的读写同步机制:
package mainimport ( "fmt" "sync" "time")var done = falsefunc read(str string, c *sync.Cond) { c.L.Lock() for !done { c.Wait() } fmt.Println(str, "start reading") c.L.Unlock()}func write(str string, c *sync.Cond) { fmt.Println(str, "start writing") time.Sleep(2 * time.Second) c.L.Lock() done = true c.L.Unlock() fmt.Println(str, "wake up all") c.Broadcast()}func main() { m := &sync.Mutex{} c := sync.NewCond(m) go read("reader1", c) go read("reader2", c) write("writer", c) time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)}
在这个示例中,有两个读取协程(reader1 和 reader2)和一个写入协程(writer)。写入协程在执行后会通知所有等待的读取协程,读取协程在条件满足时才能开始读取。
输出结果如下:
writer start writingwriter wake up allreader2 start readingreader1 start reading
通过使用 sync.Cond,我们可以很方便地实现多个 goroutine 之间的等待和通知机制,从而更好地协调并发访问共享资源的执行顺序。
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